We are now going to build the 4th row of molecules in the infographic below.

I have built the models I can, I only have Sulfur atoms with 2 and 4 holes, so building some of these requires six bonds. I can therefore build and photograph them, but will leave the label in place.

Sulfoxide

Sulfone

Sulfinic Acid

Sulfonic Acid

Sulfonate Ester

Thiocyanate

Isothiocyanate

Thial

Thioketone

Phosphine

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We are now going to build the 3rd row of molecules in the infographic below.

Nitroso

Imine

Imide

azide

Cyanate

Iso cyanate

Azocompound

Thiol

Sulfide

DiSulfide

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We are now going to build the 2nd row of molecules in the infographic below.

Acyl Halide

Ester

Ether

Epoxide

Amine

Amide

Nitrate

Nitrite

Nitrile

Nitro

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So on to building models of the functional groups in the infographic on Compound Chemistry.

Alkanes

Alkene

Alkyne

Arene

Haloalkane

Alcohol

Alderhyde

Ketone

Carboxylic Acid

Acid Anhydride

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I have started to build some common functional groups and related molecules. Here we have the Basic HydroCarbon Benzine ( C6 H6, by adding the OH (Alcohol) functional group we get Phenol (2nd picture). ( C6 H5 OH ).

We looked at basic Alkanes yesterday, if we take,for example Methane ( CH4 ) we can replace a Hydrogen with a OH group (Oxygen + Hydrogen) to make methanol. ( CH3 OH)

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I have been building some organic Chemistry models with Molymods, starting with the first 10 alkanes.

The order of these are

1. Methane
2. Ethane
3. Propane
4. Butane
5. Pentane
6. Hexane
7. Heptane
8. Octane
9. Nonane
10. Decane

So going from top to bottom, you get an indication of the number of Carbon atoms in the chain. So 1 for Methane and 10 for Decane.

The general rule is CnH2n+2 BBC Bitesize.

You can find an infographic on organic compound naming on Compound Chemistry

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Some interesting research has taken place and there is now a better explanation of why we have right and left handed molecules.

The article Breakthrough’ could explain why life molecules are left- or right-handed was published on Science.org and shared on the Fediverse.

I have asked a question about this and also how cis & trans molecules are also created. even though this is referred to as stereoisomerism, so a different topic area.

Papers & articles

I would suggest reading in the context of the above article, as they are all linked from that.

• Origin of biological homo chirality by crystallization of an RNA precursor on a magnetic surface
• Chirality-Induced Magnetization of Magnetite by an RNA Precursor
• The central dogma of biological homo chirality: How does chiral information propagate in a prebiotic network?
• Original mastodon post
• Science Forums
  • You can tag me with @paulsutton

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